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Shown below is the complete table of contents, with page numbers, from the printed work.
“Franklin and Sterling Hill: the world's most magnificent mineral deposits” was printed in five parts, along with two supplements. These parts are separated by lines in the listing below.
Only those sections shaded in blue are included on this Website at this time.
To obtain printed copies of this work, click here.
Dedications V
Preface VII
Acknowledgements IX
Table of contents XI
List of tables XXIII
List of artwork XXIV
Bibliography 1
1. Introduction 67
General observations 67
Location 67
Local benchmarks 68
Nomenclature 69
The formal "Franklin-Sterling Hill Area" 71
Maps and illustrations 71
Units of measure 72
2. Historical perspective of local iron mining and processing 73
Introduction 73
Early iron-based activity in the general area 73
Bloomeries, forges, and furnaces 75
The Franklin furnace 77
Experimentation with franklinite 79
Furnace activity at Franklin (1854-1867) 80
Arrival of the railroads 82
Franklin furnace operations after 1870 83
Early development of iron mining 89
Regional iron mines south of Franklin and Sterling Hill 89
The Andover group 89
The Ogden group 91
Regional iron mines north of Franklin and Sterling Hill 91
Cedar Hill Mine 91
Pochuk Mine 92
Simpson Mine 92
Edsall Mine 92
Iron mining in the Franklin-Sterling Hill area 92
Iron mining at Sterling Hill 92
Iron mining at Franklin 92
Mining of the marble-hosted Furnace Magnetite Bed 96
Mining of the marble-hosted magnetite deposits 96
Black Hole 96
Longshore Mine 96
Pike's Peak Mine 96
Furnace Mine 97
Mining of the gneiss-hosted magnetite deposits 97
Hill Mines 97
3. Historical perspective of local zinc mining 101
Introduction 101
Zinc mining at Sterling Hill 101
Discovery and early workings 101
Nineteenth century zinc mining at Sterling Hill 103
The major zinc mines at Sterling Hill 105
Noble Mine 105
Passaic Mine 108
Sterling Mine 109
General discussion 111
Zinc mining at Franklin 112
Discovery and early workings 112
Nineteenth century zinc mining at Franklin 113
The age of litigation (1857-1897) 113
The major zinc mines and features at Franklin 123
Buckwheat and Taylor Mines 123
Buckwheat Open Cut or Franklin Open Cut 128
Buckwheat Dump 128
Southwest Opening 128
Weights and Measures Opening 128
New Jersey Zinc and Iron Company operations - west limb 132
Trotter Mine 132
Trotter Dump 133
Lehigh Mine 133
Hamburg Mine or Hamburg Road Mine 134
Parker Shaft and Parker Mine 134
Parker Dump 136
The Great Consolidation 136
Perspective 137
The Great Franklin Mine 139
Post-consolidation conditions 139
Interim activity (1897-1906) 139
The Franklin Mine coordinate system 140
New methods and the Palmer Shaft 141
Processes and operations 142
Closing 147
The Great Sterling Mine 147
Post-consolidation conditions 147
The Sterling Mine coordinate system 147
Processes and operations 149
Mining after 1960 149
The Lamont Geological Observatory Seismograph Station 150
Closing 154
Time-line for mining and historical events 155
4. The quarries in the Franklin Marble 161
General observations 161
Quarries in the Franklin-Sterling Hill Area 161
Furnace Quarry 161
Fowler Quarry 163
Franklin Quarry 163
Franklin Iron Company Quarry 165
Sussex Calcite Company Quarry 165
Search's gravel pit 166
Other quarries 166
Quarries outside the Franklin-Sterling Hill Area 166
Lime Crest Quarry 166
Bodnar Quarries 167
The Quarry 167
RAIA Quarry 169
McAfee Quarry 169
5. Major zinc-mining companies in the Franklin-Sterling Hill area 171
The Passaic Zinc Company 171
The Lehigh Zinc and Iron Company, Limited 171
The New Jersey Zinc Company and its miners 172
Historical notes 172
The human side 172
The miners 174
The corporation 180
Palmerton 182
Depositions 184
6. Beneficiation of the zinc ores 185
Early developments 185
The period of inventions 186
The Wetherill furnace and zinc oxide 186
The Wetherill magnetic separator 188
The mills 188
The mills at Franklin 188
The mills at Sterling Hill 203
The Mine Hill Railroad 205
Shipment 207
Smelters 209
Jersey City 209
Newark 210
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 210
Palmerton, Pennsylvania 211
The lead problem 211
Production 213
Exports 213
Products made from the zinc ores 214
Zinc-based paint 214
Spelter (zinc metal) 215
Spiegeleisen 216
Other products 216
7. Cultural aspects of Franklin and Sterling Hill 217
Men of distinction 217
Lawson H. Bauer 218
John L. Baum 220
Robert M. Catlin 220
Samuel Fowler 221
Clifford Frondel 222
Charles Palache 222
George Rowe 223
The mineral collector 224
Mineral collections 225
Local institutions 229
The Franklin Mineral Museum 229
The Franklin-Ogdensburg Mineralogical Society 229
The Sterling Hill Mining Museum 230
The Franklin-Sterling Gem and Mineral Show 230
The specimen base 230
8. Regional and local geology of the Franklin-Sterling Hill area 235
General discussion 235
Regional geology 239
Local geology 241
General relations 241
The Precambrian 241
Metamorphism: extent, age, temperatures, and pressures 241
The great unconformity and the Cambrian and later rocks 242
Surficial geology 242
Structure 243
Major formations and rock units 243
Kittatinny Limestone 244
Hardyston Quartzite 244
Cork Hill Gneiss 244
Wildcat Marble 244
Median Gneiss 244
Pegmatite 244
Franklin Marble 245
Early work 245
Nomenclature 245
Description and mineralogy 245
The local magnetite deposits 247
The Furnace Magnetite Bed 247
The marble-hosted intermediate deposits 247
The magnetite deposits on Balls Hill 249
9. The geology and structure of the zinc deposits 251
General comments 251
The Franklin zinc deposit 251
Historical observations 251
General geologic relations 253
Dikes 253
Pegmatites 255
Potassic pegmatites 255
Contact relations for potassic pegmatites 256
Sodic pegmatites 257
Designations on mine maps 257
External morphology of the Franklin orebody 258
Dimensions 259
Internal structure and composition 259
Structure 259
The zinc ore units 260
The calcium silicate units 262
The Sterling Hill zinc deposit 263
Historical observations 263
General geologic relations 263
External morphology 264
General configuration 264
The keel 264
The east limb 264
The west limb 264
The cross-member 266
Dimensions 266
Internal structure 266
General relations 266
Faulting 267
The sinking hypothesis 267
Internal zoning 268
Outer zincite zone 268
Central zincite zone 268
Black willemite zone 268
Brown willemite zone 269
Pyroxene zones 269
Franklinite zone 269
Gneiss zone 269
Special features 269
Rubble breccia 269
Saprolite - the mud zone 269
Saprolite - the Sterling depression 271
Comparisons of the Franklin and Sterling Hill deposits 271
Similarities 271
Differences 271
Relations to nearby formations 272
Physical linkage hypotheses 272
The Langban Mine near Filipstad, Sweden 272
The origins of the deposits 273
Introduction 273
Theories of origin 274
Early observations and hypotheses 274
Recent studies 276
Models of the ore deposits 278
10. Geochemistry 279
General relations 279
Minor and trace elements 280
Host minerals for the elements 280
11. Fluorescence of minerals in ultraviolet 285
History and introduction 285
Uses in geology, mining, and milling 285
The literature of fluorescence 286
Influence of fluorescence on collectors and the general public 287
General discussion 288
Lists of fluorescent minerals 288
12. The mineral assemblages 291
The ore minerals 291
General relations and mineralogy 291
Textural aspects 293
Alterations and replacements 296
Silicates in ore 297
The calcium silicate minerals 300
General relations and mineralogy 300
Textural aspects 302
Alterations and replacements 305
Recrystallization of minerals 307
The "Parker-Shaft minerals" 308
The Trotter Shaft minerals 309
The "north orebody" at Sterling Hill 309
Giant crystals 310
Special features 310
Hydrothermal vein minerals 310
Exsolution mineral textures 314
Weathered and oxidized minerals 315
Post-mining minerals 315
Special chemically-distinct mineral groups 316
Manganese arsenates 316
Lead silicates 316
Nickel arsenides 316
Manganese arsenosilicates 316
Special mineral assemblages 316
Assemblages from the ore units 317
Assemblages from the calcium silicate units 317
Assemblages from veins 319
Assemblages from weathering or alteration environments 319
Assemblage from an anomalous geologic niche 319
13. Lists of minerals 321
The comprehensive list of minerals from the Franklin-Sterling Hill Area 322
Species unique to Franklin and Sterling Hill 324
Zinc minerals found at Franklin or Sterling Hill 325
Manganese minerals found at Franklin or Sterling Hill 325
Chronological list of valid minerals first-described from Franklin or Sterling Hill 326
14. Descriptive mineralogy 329
Order of presentation 329
Method of description 329
The silicate minerals 330
Lists of silicates 330
Zinc silicates 331
Manganese silicates 331
Calcium silicates 332
Iron silicates 332
Magnesium silicates 333
15. Nesosilicates 335
The olivine group 335
The humite group 344
The manganese-humite and leucophoenicite groups 347
The garnet group 357
Other nesosilicates 363
16. Sorosilicates and cyclosilicates 403
The epidote group 403
Other sorosilicates 407
The tourmaline group 424
17. Inosilicates -- chain silicates 429
The pyroxene group 429
The pyroxenoid group 436
The amphibole group 451
Other inosilicates 460
18. Phyllosilicates - layer silicates 463
The mica group 463
The chlorite group 470
The stilpnomelane group 471
The friedelite group 475
The serpentine group 484
The clay group 486
Other layer silicates 487
19. Tectosilicates and silicates with unknown structures 507
Quartz 507
The feldspar group 508
The scapolite group 512
The zeolite group 513
Silicates with unknown structures 515
20. Elements 519
21. Sulfides, arsenides, antimonides, and sulfosalts 525
Sulfides 526
Arsenides and antimonides 544
Sulfosalts 553
22. Oxides and hydroxides 557
Zincite 558
The spinel group 566
Other oxides 584
23. Halides and carbonates 607
Halides 607
Carbonates 609
The calcite group 609
The dolomite group 616
Other carbonates 618
24. Sulfates, borates, tungstates, and molybdates 627
Sulfates 627
Borates 640
Tungstates and molybdates 643
25. Arsenates, arsenites, phosphates, and vanadates 647
The apatite group 649
Other arsenates, arsenites, phosphates, and vanadates 653
26. Unnamed minerals 687
Appendix I: List of obscure or general mineral names 691
Appendix II: Glossary of local terms 699
Appendix III: Sterling Mine operations 1966 711
Subject index 717
Mineral index 749
Dedications V
Preface Vll
Acknowledgements IX
Table of contents XI
S1. Chemical data for the east and west limbs of the Sterling Hill orebody 757
Introduction 757
East Limb 759
General description 759
Description of ore at specific site 759
Chemical compositions - zincite, calcite, willemite, tephroite, and Mn-humites 760
Chemical compositions - franklinite 760
West limb 761
General description 761
Description of ore at specific site 767
Chemical compositions --zincite, calcite, willemite, and other silicates 767
Chemical compositions -- franklinite 770
Franklinite compositions: comparisons of east and west limbs 770
Qualification 770
S2. The Passaic Zinc Company 771
S3. 19th-century observations on geology and mining 789
Introduction 789
1822 "Observations and geological remarks on the minerals of Paterson and the valley of Sparta, in New Jersey" by Thomas Nuttall (excerpts) 789
1836 "Description of the geology of the State of New Jersey" by Henry D. Rogers (excerpts) 790
1845 "On the zinc mines of Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey" by Francis Alger (excerpts) 792
1854 "The metallic wealth of the United States" by J. D. Whitney (excerpts) 796
"Geology of New Jersey" by George H. Cook (excerpts) 798
"Annual Report of the State Geologist" by George H. Cook (excerpts) 804
"Annual Report of the State Geologist" by George H. Cook (excerpts) 805
"On the dykes of micaceous diabase penetrating the bed of zinc ore at Franklin Furnace, Sussex County, New Jersey" by Ben. K. Emerson (excerpts) 806
"The zinc mines of Sussex County, New Jersey" by Nelson H. Darton (excerpts) 806
"The zinc ores of New Jersey: their occurrence and metallurgical treatment" by Fred P. Bemis (excerpts) 807
"Annual Report of the State Geologist" by George H. Cook (excerpts) 812
"Annual Report of the State Geologist" by J. C. Smock (excerpts) 813
"The ore deposits at Franklin Furnace and Ogdensburg, New Jersey" by James F. Kemp (excerpts) 813
"The franklinite deposits of Mine Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey" by Frank L. Nason (excerpts) 822
"Notes on the structure of the franklinite and zinc-ore beds of Sussex County, New Jersey" by William P. Blake (excerpts) 827
Annual Report of the State Geologist" by J. C. Smock (excerpts) 829
S4. Mineral images 831
S5. "A trip to Franklin Furnace" by John A. Manley 851
Dedications V
Preface V11
Acknowledgements IX
Table of contents XI
S6. 19th-century metallurgical processing of the ores from Franklin and Sterling Hill 855
Introduction 855
Anthracite blast furnace by William Kitchell (excerpts) 855
The Newark furnace 856
The Franklin furnace 856
Zinc paint by James T. Hodge (excerpts) 857
French process or indirect process 857
American process or direct process 857
New Jersey Zinc Company 857
Pennsylvania and Lehigh Zinc Company 858
The Passaic Mining and Manufacturing Company 858
The mining and metallurgy of zinc in the United States by F. L. Clerc (excerpts) 865
Spelter furnaces 865
Oxide furnaces 866
Spiegel furnaces 868
The zinc ores of New Jersey: their occurrence and metallurgical treatment by Fred P. Bemis (excerpts) 868
The New Jersey Zinc Company at Newark 868
Zinc oxide 870
Spiegeleisen 870
Spelter 871
The Passaic Zinc Company at Jersey City 871
The manufacture of spiegel from franklinite residuum by George C. Stone (excerpts) 872
An explosion in a zinc-fume condenser by C. H. McKenna (excerpts) 873
Patents and inventions, by Pete J. Dunn 874
Improvement in the manufacture of zinc white by Samuel T. Jones 876
S7. Excerpts from the Franklin Furnace Folio by Arthur C. Spencer 881
Magnetite iron ores 881
Magnetite mines - Franklin Furnace group 884
Zinc-bearing ores 886
Zinc mines 888
History of development 888
Description of the ores 889
Mine Hill deposit 890
Sterling Hill deposit 896
S8. 19th-century privately-reported observations on exploration and geology 901
Introduction 901
Report of J. P. Lesley on the franklinite range of minerals in Sussex County, New Jersey 901
Report on Mine Hill Tract and Clorinda Fowler Tract, Sussex Co., New Jersey by R. P. Stevens 908
Report on the probable extension southwards of the zinc deposits at Mine and Sterling Hills by Frank L. Nason 910
Contents 910
Introduction 910
Synopsis of report on the southern extension of the zinc beds on Mine and Sterling Hills 912
Mine Hill 912
Sterling Hill 914
Report on the southern extension of the zinc beds on Mine and Sterling Hills 914
Mine Hill 914
Dimensions of the zinc beds at Mine Hill and Sterling Hill 914
The thickness of the zinc bed at Mine Hill 914
The thickness of the bed in the mine workings 915
Extreme width of the bed before folding and erosion 915
Sterling Hill 921
Sterling Hill extension discussed 921
Dimensions of Sterling Hill veins 921
Properties in which lie the southern extension at Sterling Hill 923
S9. Rosy scenarios and great expectations 925
Introduction 925
Prospectus of the Jersey Franklinite Company, with a report on its mines and property by Silas Stillwell and John Silsby (excerpts) 925
Jersey Franklinite Company 925
The mines 926
The business of the company 926
Profits 926
What is required 927
How the cash capital is to be provided 927
Geological report -- the mineral belt of Sussex County, New Jersey by G. W. Baker for the Manganese Iron Ore Company (excerpts) 930
Report of R. P. Stevens, September 22, 1879 939
Report of Messrs. Platt, 1881 941
How fortunes are made by the New Jersey Mineral Company (excerpts) 944
Mining 944
Here is the story 944
Getting the property 946
The only reason 950
No waiting 950
Neighbor making millions 950
The report 952
Another engineer 952
Zinc wealth 952
Richest in the world 952
Why zinc? 952
"A clincher" for doubters 955
More about it 955
S10. Zinc mining at Franklin (1890-1900) and at Sterling Hill (1923) 957
Introduction 957
Sinking Parker Shaft at zinc mines, Franklin Furnace, New Jersey by J. A. Van Mater 957
Drilling 958
Firing 958
Timbering 959
Pumping 962
Mining practice at Sterling Hill Mine, New Jersey Zinc Company by G. H. Salton (excerpts) 966
The ore 967
Occurrence and geology 967
Structure 967
Outine of mining methods 968
The shaft 968
Shaft stations 969
Track equipment in shaft 969
The hoist 969
Loading stations 970
Man cars 970
Headframe 970
Signal systern 971
Pumps 971
Safety precautions 971
Development 971
Raises 972
Timber slides 973
Timbering 973
Tramming 973
Stoping 974
Transverse stopes 974
Longitudinal stopes 976
Underhand stopes 977
Filling 977
Blasting 977
Compressors 977
General 977
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| Copyright © 1995 by Pete J. Dunn |
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